Aspects of Philosophy of Science

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 ASPECTS OF PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE

Philosophy of science is a branch of philosophy involved with the foundations, methods, and implications of science. The central queries of this study concern what qualifies as science, the responsibility of scientific theories, and therefore the final purpose of science. 

Let's see what are the aspects of philosophy of science. So I'm going to talk about in this, "Philosophy of science", "Logic and argument", "Learning and human understanding", "Testimony, reasons and rationality", "Ethic and happiness", "Race, ethnicity and culture", "Scientific explanation", "Scientific inquiry and hypotheses", and "Laws and theories".

PHILOSOPHY

Philosophy is that the study of general and fundamental questions, such as those about existence, reason, knowledge, values, mind, and language. About that questions are often posed as problems to be studied or resolved. 


Method of philosophy

There are 4 main methods of physiology. Philosophical Method Questioning, Critical discussion, rational argument, and systematic presentation. The philosophical method is that the study of the way to do philosophy. 

LOGIC AND ARGUMENT

Argument

The argument is a series of statements (in a natural language), called the premises or premises (both spellings are acceptable), and intended to determine the degree of truth of another statement, the conclusion. Arguments are claims backed by reasons that are supported by evidence. 

Type of Statement

An argument is a group of statements including one or more premises and one and only one conclusion. A statement is a sentence that is either true or false. There are two types of argument. They are premises and conclusions. 

The Difference Between Argument and Explanation

Argument and explanation are two different forms of reasoning.
An argument is a rationale in which the reason presents evidence in support of a claim made in the conclusion.  Its purpose is to provide a basis for believing the conclusion to be true. 
An explanation is a rationale in which the reason presents a cause of some fact represented by the conclusion.  Its purpose is to help us understand how or why that fact occurs.

 LEARNING AND HUMAN UNDERSTANDING

Learning

Learning is the process of acquiring new understanding, knowledge, behaviors, skills, values, attitudes, and preferences. In traditionally, research and studies around learning focused primarily on the early years of learning through childhood and adolescence.

Knowledge



Knowledge is a familiarity, awareness, or understanding of someone or something, such as facts, skills, or objects. The most accounts, knowledge can be acquired in many different ways and from many sources including but not limited to perception, reason, memory, testimony, scientific inquiry, education, and practice.

Understanding

Understanding is a psychological process related to an abstract or physical object, such as a person, situation, or message whereby one is able to use concepts to model that object. It is a relation between the knower and an object of understanding. 

Passion

Passion is any powerful or compelling emotion or feeling, as love or hate. Passion is not enough to say I know something or I'm good at something. Passion has to be based on a firm grounding of understanding. 

TESTIMONY, REASONS AND RATIONALITY 

Testimony

The philosophy of testimony considers the nature of language and knowledge's confluence, which occurs when beliefs are transferred between speakers and hearers through testimony .Testimony is believing someone when they make a claim, and believing them because we think they know what they are talking about and are telling the truth. 

Reasons And Rationality

Reasoning is associated with the acts of thinking and cognition and involves using one's intellect. The field of logic studies the ways in which humans can use formal reasoning to produce logically valid arguments and rationality is the quality or state of being rational that is, being based on or agreeable to reason. Reason operates on a fundamentally different level from rationality.


Philosophical Conceptions of Reason and Rationality

The reason is often taken to refer to the action as opposed to the passive or receptive aspects of the mind in the philosophical tradition. The reason in this sense is contrasted with perception, sensation, and emotion, which are thought of as forms of passivity, or at least as involving passivity. The perceived world does not simply enter the mind, as through an open door.

ETHICS AND HAPPINESS

Ethic

Ethics is a branch of philosophy that entails systematizing, defending, and advocating conceptions of good and bad behavior." Moral philosophy is another name for ethics . The term is also applied to any system or theory of moral values or principles. And it concerned with distinguishing between right and wrong. 

Happiness


Happiness comes when we feel satisfied and fulfilled. The reason for happiness can vary from person to person. Also, the definition of happiness can be also varied according to the person. Where there is happiness there may be sadness also. This idea may be positive but that not means it can't be true. Happiness comes when you feel satisfied or joyful and it's a blissful feeling. 

False Happiness

False happiness comes from a feeling of superiority. We feel that happiness depends on proving to the world that we are better or more indispensable than other people. 

RACE, ETHNICITY AND CULTURE 

Race

Race describes physical traits and ethnicity refers to cultural identification. Culture is also connected with human behavior. A race is a grouping of humans based on shared physical or social qualities into categories generally viewed as distinct by society. The term was first used to refer to speakers of a common language and then to denote national affiliations.

Ethnicity

Ethnicity is a grouping of people who identify with each other on the basis of shared attributes that distinguish them from other groups such as a common set of traditions, ancestry, language, history, society, culture, nation, religion or social treatment within their residing area.

Culture


An ethnic group or ethnicity is a grouping of people who identify with each other on the basis of shared attributes that distinguish Culture is the overall lifestyle of a particular person. It includes everything a group of people thinks, says, and does. It is systems, attitudes, and feelings. Culture is learned and transmitted from generation to generation. 
Protection of cultural heritage or protection of cultural goods means all measures to protect cultural property against damage, destruction, theft, embezzlement or other loss. 

SCIENTIFIC EXPLANATION


The scientific explanation uses observations and measurements to explain something we see in the natural world. Scientific explanations should match the evidence and be logical, or they should at least match as much of the evidence as possible. The three cardinal aims of science are prediction, control, and explanation.  Scientific explanations should match the evidence and be logical, or they should at least match as much of the evidence as possible.

TYPES OF SCIENTIFIC EXPLANATION

There are four type of scientific explanation. There are Deductive model explanation, Probabilistic explanation, Functional or teleological explanation and, Genetic explanation.


LAWS OF NATURE

Natural laws are always working, whether we believe or understand them. They are based on the quantum knowledge that everything is energy. Everything in the universe, including us, is connected through this sea of energy. What we feel, think, say, and do are all forms of energy through which our realities are created. 

The 7 Natural Laws of The Universe

  • The Law of Vibration
  • The Law of Relativity
  • The Law of Cause and Effect
  • The Law of Polarity
  • The Law of Gestation
  • The Law of Rhythm
  • The Law of Transmutation
SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY AND HYPOTHESES

SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY

Scientific inquiry has two primary functions. First, it provides a description of how scientific inquiry is conducted in practice. And secondly, it gives an explanation of why scientific inquiry is successful in arriving at genuine knowledge at the end of its process. 

Method of Scientific Inquiry

This process is used when conducting experiments and exploring observations. There have mainly 6 methods in scientific inquiry. 

HYPOTHESIS


A hypothesis is a precise, testable statement of what the researcher predicts will be the outcome of the study. This usually involves proposing a possible relationship between two variables: the independent variable and the dependent variable. This step in the scientific method is deriving predictions from the hypotheses about the results of future experiments and then performing those experiments to see whether they support the predictions research, there is a convention that the hypothesis is written in two forms, the null hypothesis, and the alternative hypothesis. 

Hypothesis Testing


LAWS AND THEORIES

LAWS

Law is a system of rules created and enforced through social or governmental institutions to regulate behavior, with its precise definition a matter of longstanding debate. It has been variously described as a science and the art of justice.

Scientific Theories

A scientific theory is a well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world, based on a body of facts that have been repeatedly confirmed through observation and experiment. Such fact-supported theories are not "guesses" but reliable accounts of the real world.


Philosophy is very useful for all of our day today life. Its original meaning is the love of wisdom and the quest to understand the underlying principles of life. It leads us to a deeper understanding of ourselves, society, and the meaning of events in time. The knowledge aims it is the kind of knowledge that gives unity and system to the body of the sciences and the kind which results from a critical examination of the grounds of our convictions, prejudices, and beliefs. It helps us solve our problems mundane or abstract, and it helps us make better decisions by developing our critical thinking. And also study of philosophy helps us to enhance our ability to solve problems, our communication skills, our persuasive powers, and our writing skills. 


THANK YOU! 
S.D.S.Medhangani
shamax199@gmail.com

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