LOGIC AND ARGUMENT

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 EVERYTHING'S AN ARGUMENT


INTRODUCTION

An argument can be a reason given in support of an action or idea. For relatedly an argument can be the combination of the reason and the claim it is taken to support. In other words, an argument, as an inferential argument will be a set of premises (evidence) and a conclusion (claim) bound together in some way. Finally, an argument can be a dialogue in context. Arguments are sets of propositions linked through a set of logical rules, and arguments are sound solely in virtue of their structure and the truth of their premises. 

Keywords: Absolutism, Evidence, Logical reasoning, Practical arguments, Thinking critically, Deductive argument, Premises, Conventional, Diverse, Indirectly, Linguistic

The Argument

The argument is a series of statements (in a natural language), called the premises or premises (both spellings are acceptable), and intended to determine the degree of truth of another statement, the conclusion. Argumentation is a social process. Having an argument involves two or more individuals responding to one another's claim and support for such a claim. Arguments are claims backed by reasons that are supported by evidence. The argument is not simply restating the same claims and reasons, rather it is supporting, modifying, or defending positions accordingly. As a process, arguments unfold based on the contributions of the dialogue participants.



Element of Argument

The elements are central to debate and related to one another. These include evidence, reasoning, claim and warrants. 

  • Evidence
Evidence is the claims and arguments and can include support for the claim, such as examples, statistics, quotes etc. In academic writing, evidence used from other sources must be referenced.

  • Claims
Clam is the key points of the argument.

  • Reasoning:
Reasoning is the process for making clear how your evidence supports your claim.

  • Warrants: 
Warrants are the inferences or assumptions that connect the support to the claim


Type of Statement

An argument is a group of statements including one or more premises and one and only one conclusion. A statement is a sentence that is either true or false. There are two types of argument. They are premises and conclusions. 
  • A premise is a statement in an argument that provides reason or support for the conclusion. There can be one or many premises in a single argument. 
  • A conclusion is a statement in an argument that indicates what the arguer is trying to convince the reader/listener. What is the argument trying to prove? There can be only one conclusion in a single argument.
Premise Indicators
Because, Since, For the reason that, Assuming that, As shown by, It follows from, As indicated by, The fact that, Given that

Conclusion Indicators
Therefore, In conclusion, Implies that, Consequently, Suggests that, Hence, It proves that, So, We can infer, Thus, It follows that, We can conclude


Type of Argument

There are several kinds of arguments in logic. The two major types of arguments are deductive and inductive arguments.

  • Deductive Argument is the type of argument in which the conclusion necessarily taken from the premises. It is said to be impossible when its premises are true and its conclusion is false.
  • Inductive Argument is the type of argument in which the conclusion probably taken from premises. It is the opposite of a deductive argument.

The Difference Between Argument and Explanation

Argument and explanation are two different forms of reasoning, so let’s begin by being clear on what we mean by that. 

  • An argument is a rationale in which the reason presents evidence in support of a claim made in the conclusion.  Its purpose is to provide a basis for believing the conclusion to be true. 

  • An explanation is a rationale in which the reason presents a cause of some fact represented by the conclusion.  Its purpose is to help us understand how or why that fact occurs.

This relationship may be visualized as follows:



Ten Golden Rules of Argument
  • Be prepared. 
  • Make sure you know the essential points you want to make. 
  • When to argue, when to walk away.
  • What you say and how you say it. 
  • Listen and listen again. 
  • Excel at responding to arguments. 
  • Watch out for crafty tricks. 
  • Develop the skills of arguing in public. 
  • Be able to argue in writing.

How to Develop an Argument 

  • Consider the situation. 
  • Clarify your thinking. 
  • Construct a claim. 
  • Collect evidence. 
  • Consider key objections. 
  • Craft your argument. 
  • Confirm your main point.




Some Books About An Arguments

  • A Rulebook for Arguments - by Anthony Weston 
  • The Tools of Argument - by Joel P. Trachtman
  • How to Win Every Argument - by Madsen Pirie 
  • Informal Logic - by Douglas N. Walton
  • Concerning the Pragma-Dialectical Discussion Rules - by Frans H. van Eemeren 
  • Fundamentals of Critical Argumentation  - by Douglas N. Walton
  • Informal Logic  - by Douglas N. Walton 

The purpose of an argument is to change people's points of view or to persuade people to a particular action or behavior. We can identify four primary aims or purposes that argument helps us accomplish, Inquiry, Conviction, Persuasion. We argue for a reconciliation of these different approaches around a probabilistic notion of relevance.

Thank You!
S.D.S.Medhangani
shamax199@gmail.com

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