Philosophy of Science

  SCIENTIFIC EXPLANATION Science is the study of the natural world through observation and experiment. One of the goals of science is an explanation. Scientists explain to other scientists how a particular gene regulates a phenotype, how patterns in the luminance of a particular star indicate the presence of planets, how the sizes of the populations of two particular linked species vary with environmental changes. And also the place of our planet and sun among the stars, and the effects of ecology on our lives and livelihoods. We offer explanations to each other and to ourselves in our daily lives and in our various specialized fields.  But the importance of science and the differences between scientific practices and other practices have led many to consider scientific explanation as a topic of study in its own right. By understanding scientific explanation we may shed light on other forms of explanation, or on the distinction between science and non-science. These goals are important

  GENDER AND SEXUALITY We are surrounded by gender lore since we are children. Sex and gender are frequently used interchangeably, though they have different meanings. In this context, sex refers to the biological category of male or female, as defined by physical differences in genetic composition and in reproductive anatomy and function. Gender refers to the social attributes and opportunities associated with being male and female, the relationships between women and men and girls and boys, and the relations between women and between men. In most societies there are differences and inequalities between women and men in decision-making opportunities, responsibilities assigned, activities undertaken, and access to and control over resources. Sexuality covers almost every aspect of our existence, from attitudes and values to feelings and experiences. It affects the individual, the family, the culture, the religion, spirituality, the laws, the professions, the institutions, science, an

  RACE, ETHNICITY AND CULTURE  The race is usually associated with biology and linked with physical characteristics such as skin color or hair texture. Ethnicity is linked with cultural expression and identification. However, both are social constructs used to categorize and characterize seemingly distinct populations. The role of cultural analysis in the sociology of race, ethnicity, and immigration varies across subject matter. Race is defined as a category of humankind that shares certain distinctive physical traits. The term ethnicities are more broadly defined as large groups of people classed according to common racial, national, tribal, religious, linguistic, cultural origin, and background. Race and ethnicity are used to categorize certain sections of the population. In basic terms, race describes physical traits, and ethnicity refers to cultural identification. Race may also be identified as something you inherit while ethnicity is something you learn. RACE Race describes phys

  MORALS AND PLEASURE Ethic defined, the body of moral principles or values governing or distinctive of a particular culture or group. There are moral beliefs and rules about right and wrong. Ethics is the process of questioning, discovering and defending our values, principles and purpose. Happiness can be defined as the subjective enjoyment of life as a whole. Empirical studies on happiness show considerable differences. Keywords: Meta Ethics, Moral Psychology, Motivation, Principles, Ideals, Contentment INTRODUCTION Ethics as the thought of Man about his action is as ancient as Man itself. It also focuses on the required accurate definition of key concepts of ethical reflection and bioethical practice such as principles and norms, values and virtues, rights and duties, and the right perception of the implication of each one and of their respective interactions in the understanding of action’s rationality Happiness is the main goal of life. Most individuals reach out for a happy lif